Last Updated on 4 years by teboo
021 10 01 01 Types of internal-combustion engines: basic principles, definitions
(01) “Define the following terms and expressions:
— rpm;
— torque;
— manifold absolute pressure (MAP);”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
“— power output;
— specific fuel consumption;
— compression ratio, clearance volume, swept (displaced) volume, total volume.”
021 10 01 02 Engine: design, operation, components
(01) “Describe the basic operating principle of a piston engine:
— crankcase;
— crankshaft;
— connecting rod;
— piston;
— piston pin;
— piston rings;
— cylinder;
— cylinder head;
— valves;
— valve springs;
— push rod;
— camshaft;
— rocker arm;
— camshaft gear;
— bearings.”
(02) “Name and identify the various types of engine design with regard to cylinder arrangement and their advantages/disadvantages:
— horizontally opposed;
— in line;
— radial;”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
— and working cycle (four stroke: petrol and diesel).
(03) “Describe the differences between petrol and diesel engines with respect to:
— means of ignition;
— maximum compression ratio;
— regulating air or mixture supply to the cylinder;
— pollution from the exhaust.”
021 10 02 00 Fuel
021 10 02 01 Types, grades, characteristics, limitations
(01) “Name the type of fuel used for petrol engines including its colour (AVGAS);
— 100 (green);
— 100LL (blue).”
(02) Name the type of fuel normally used for aviation diesel engines (JET-A1).
(03) X Define the term ‘octane rating’.
(04) Define the term ‘detonation’ and describe the causes and effects of detonation for both petrol and diesel engines.
(05) Define the term ‘pre-ignition’ and describe the causes and effects of pre-ignition for both petrol and diesel engines.
(06) Identify the conditions and power settings that promote detonation for petrol engines.
(07) Describe how detonation in petrol engines is recognised.
(08) Describe the method and occasions for checking the fuel for water content.
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(09) State the typical value of fuel density for aviation gasoline and diesel fuel.
(10) Explain volatility, viscosity and vapour locking for petrol and diesel fuels.
021 10 03 00 Engine fuel pumps
021 10 03 01 Engine-driven fuel pump
(01) Explain the need for a separate engine-driven fuel pump.
021 10 04 00 Carburettor/injection system
021 10 04 01 Carburettor: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings
(01) State the purpose of a carburettor.
(02) Describe the operating principle of the simple float chamber carburettor.
(03) Describe the methods of obtaining mixture control over the whole operating engine power setting range (compensation jet, diffuser).
(04) Describe the methods of obtaining mixture control over the whole operating altitude range.
(05) Explain the purpose and the operating principle of an accelerator pump.
(06) Explain the purpose of power enrichment.
(07) Describe the function of the carburettor heat system.
(08) Explain the effect of carburettor heat on mixture ratio and power output.
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(09) Explain the purpose and the operating principle of a primer pump.
(10) Discuss other methods for priming an engine (acceleration pumps).
(11) Explain the danger of carburettor fire, including corrective measures.
021 10 04 02 Injection: design, operation, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings
(01) Explain the advantages and difference in operation of an injection system compared with a carburettor system.
021 10 04 03 Icing
(01) Describe the causes and effects of carburettor icing and the action to be taken if carburettor icing is suspected.
(02) Name the meteorological conditions under which carburettor icing may occur.
(03) Describe the indications of the presence of carburettor icing for both a fixed pitch and a constant speed propeller.
(04) Describe the indications of the presence of carburettor icing for a helicopter.
(05) Describe the indications that will occur upon selection of carburettor heat depending on whether ice is present or not.
(06) Explain the reason for the use of alternate air on fuel injection systems and describe its operating principle.
(07) State the meteorological conditions under which induction system icing may occur.
021 10 05 00 Cooling systems
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
021 10 05 01 Design, operation, indications and warnings
(01) Specify the reasons for cooling a piston engine.
(02) Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for aeroplanes.
(03) Describe the design features to enhance cylinder air cooling for helicopters (e.g. engine-driven impeller and scroll assembly, baffles).
(04) Compare the differences between liquid- and air-cooling systems.
(05) Identify the cylinder head temperature indication to monitor engine cooling.
(06) Describe the function and the operation of cowl flaps.
021 10 06 00 Lubrication systems
021 10 06 01 Lubricants: characteristics, limitations
(01) Describe the term ‘viscosity’ including the effect of temperature.
(02) Describe the viscosity grade numbering system used in aviation.
021 10 06 02 Design, operation, indications and warnings
(01) State the functions of a piston-engine lubrication system.
(02) “Describe the working principle of a dry-sump lubrication system and describe the functions of the following components:
— oil tank (reservoir) and its internal components: hot well, de- aerator, vent, expansion space;
— check valve (non-return valve);”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
“— pressure pump and pressure-relief valve;
— scavenge pump;
— filters (suction, pressure and scavenge);
— oil cooler;
— oil cooler bypass valve (anti-surge and thermostatic);
— pressure and temperature sensors;
— lines.”
(03) Describe a wet-sump lubrication system.
(04) State the differences between a wet- and a dry-sump lubrication system and their advantages and disadvantages.
(05) “List the following factors that influence oil consumption:
— oil grade;
— cylinder and piston wear;
— condition of piston rings.”
(06) Describe the interaction between oil pressure, oil temperature and oil quantity.
021 10 07 00 Ignition circuits
021 10 07 01 Design, operation
(01) “Describe the working principle of a magneto-ignition system and the functions of the following components:
— magneto;
— contact-breaker points;
— capacitor (condenser);
— coils or windings;
— ignition switches;”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
“— distributor;
— spark plug;
— high-tension (HT) cable.”
(02) State why piston engines are equipped with two electrically independent ignition systems.
(03) “State the function and operating principle of the following methods of spark augmentation:
— starter vibrator (booster coil);
— impulse-start coupling.”
(04) “State the function and operating principle of the following methods of spark augmentation:
— starter vibrator (booster coil);
— both magnetos live.”
(05) Explain the function of the magneto check.
(06) Explain how combustion is initiated in diesel engines.
021 10 08 00 Mixture
021 10 08 01 Definition, characteristic mixtures, control instruments, associated control levers, indications
(01) “Define the following terms:
— mixture;
— chemically correct ratio (stoichiometric);
— best power ratio;
— lean (weak) mixture (lean or rich side of the exhaust gas temperature (EGT) top);
— rich mixture.”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(02) State the typical fuel-to-air ratio values or range of values for the above mixtures.
(03) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of weak and rich mixtures.
(04) Describe the relation between engine-specific fuel consumption and mixture ratio.
(05) Describe the use of the exhaust gas temperature as an aid to mixture-setting.
(06) Explain the relation between mixture ratio, cylinder head temperature, detonation and pre-ignition.
(07) Explain the absence of mixture control in diesel engines.
021 10 09 00 Aeroplane: propellers
021 10 09 01 Definitions, general
Remark: Definitions and aerodynamic concepts are detailed in Subject 081 ‘Principles of flight (aeroplane)’, Topic 07 (Propellers), but need to be appreciated for this Subject as well.
021 10 09 02 Constant-speed propeller: design, operation, system components
(01) Describe the operating principle of a constant-speed propeller system under normal flight operations with the aid of a schematic.
(02) Explain the need for a MAP indicator to control the power setting with a constant-speed propeller.
(03) State the purpose of a torque-meter.
(04) State the purpose and describe the operation of a low-pitch stop (centrifugal latch).
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(05) Describe the operating principle of a single-acting and a double- acting variable pitch propeller for single- and multi-engine aeroplanes.
(06) Describe the function and the basic operating principle of synchronising and synchro-phasing systems.
(07) Explain the purpose and the basic operating principle of an auto- feathering system and unfeathering.
021 10 09 03 Reduction gearing: design
(01) State the purpose of reduction gearing.
021 10 09 04 Propeller handling: associated control levers, degraded modes of operation, indications and warnings
(01) Describe the checks to be carried out on a constant-speed propeller system after engine start.
(02) Describe the operation of a constant-speed propeller system during flight at different true airspeeds (TAS) and rpm including an overspeeding propeller.
(03) Describe the operating principle of a variable pitch propeller when feathering and unfeathering, including the operation of cockpit controls.
(04) Describe the operating principle of a variable pitch propeller when reverse pitch is selected, including the operation of cockpit controls.
(05) Describe the operation of the propeller levers during different phases of flight.
021 10 10 00 Performance and engine handling
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
021 10 10 01 Performance
(01) “Describe the effect on power output of a petrol and diesel engine taking into consideration the following parameters:
— ambient pressure, exhaust back pressure;
— temperature;
— density altitude;
— humidity.”
(02) Explain the term ‘normally aspirated engine’.
(03) Power-augmentation devices: explain the requirement for power augmentation (turbocharging) of a piston engine.
(04) “Describe the function and the principle of operation of the following main components of a turbocharger:
— turbine;
— compressor;
— waste gate;
— waste-gate actuator.”
(05) Explain the difference between an altitude-boosted turbocharger and a ground-boosted turbocharger.
(06) Explain turbo lag.
(07) Define the term ‘critical altitude’.
(08) Explain the function of an intercooler.
(09) Define the terms ‘full-throttle height’ and ‘rated altitude’.
021 10 10 02 Engine handling
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(01) State the correct procedures for setting the engine controls when increasing or decreasing power.
(02) “Define the following terms:
— take-off power;
— maximum continuous power.”
(03) Describe the start problems associated with extreme cold weather.
(04) Describe the principal difference between a full-authority digital engine control (FADEC) system-controlled engine and traditional manual engine controls.
(05) Describe the engine controls available on the flight deck for a FADEC-controlled engine.
(06) Explain that the FADEC has full authority of the control of all engine parameters ensuring efficient and correct running of the engine, including protection in the event of failure.
(07) Explain the need for FADEC redundancy with regard to power supply and data input and output.