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022 04 01 00 Gyroscope: basic principles
022 04 01 01 Gyroscopic forces, degrees of freedom, gyro wander, driving gyroscopes
(01) X Define a ‘gyro’.
(02) X Explain the fundamentals of the theory of gyroscopic forces.
(03) X “Define the ‘degrees of freedom’ of a gyro.
Remark: As a convention, the degrees of freedom of a gyroscope do not include its own axis of rotation (the spin axis).”
(04) X “Explain the following terms:
— rigidity;
— precession;
— wander (drift/topple).”
(05) “Explain the three types of gyro wander:
— real wander;
— apparent wander;
— transport wander.”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(06) “Describe the two ways of driving gyroscopes and any associated indications:
— air/vacuum;
— electrically.”
022 04 02 00 Rate-of-turn indicator — Turn coordinator — Balance (slip) indicator
022 04 02 01 Indications, relation between bank angle, rate of turn and TAS
(01) Explain the purpose of a rate-of-turn and balance (slip) indicator.
(02) Define a ‘rate-1 turn’.
(03) Describe the indications given by a rate-of-turn indicator.
(04) Explain the relation between bank angle, rate of turn and TAS, and how bank angle becomes the limiting factor at high speed (no calculations).
(05) Explain the purpose of a balance (slip) indicator and its principle of operation.
(06) Describe the indications of a rate-of-turn and balance (slip) indicator during a balanced, slip or skid turn.
(07) Describe the indications given by a turn coordinator (or turn-and-bank indicator).
(08) Compare the indications on the rate-of-turn indicator and the turn coordinator.
022 04 03 00 Attitude indicator (artificial horizon)
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
022 04 03 01 Purpose, types, effect of aircraft acceleration, display
(01) Explain the purpose of the attitude indicator.
(02) “Identify the two types of attitude indicators:
— attitude indicator;
— attitude and director indicator (ADI).”
(03) X State the degrees of freedom.
(04) Describe the effects of the aircraft’s acceleration and turns on instrument indications.
(05) Describe a typical attitude display and instrument markings.
022 04 04 00 Directional gyroscope
022 04 04 01 Purpose, types, drift, alignment to compass heading
(01) Explain the purpose of the directional gyroscope.
(02) “Identify the two types of gyro-driven direction indicators:
— direction indicator;
— horizontal situation indicator (HSI).”
(03) “Explain how the directional gyroscope will drift over time due to the following:
— rotation of the Earth;
— aircraft manoeuvring;
— aircraft movement over the Earth’s surface/direction of travel.”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(04) Describe the procedure for the pilot to align the directional gyroscope to the correct compass heading.
022 04 05 00 Remote-reading compass systems
022 04 05 01 Operating principles, components, comparison with a direct-reading magnetic compass
(01) Describe the principles of operation of a remote-reading compass system.
(02) “Using a block diagram, list and explain the function of the following components of a remote-reading compass system:
— flux detection unit;
— gyro unit;
— transducers, precession amplifiers, annunciator;
— display unit (compass card, synchronising and set- heading knob, DG/compass/slave/free switch).”
(03) “State the advantages and disadvantages of a remote- reading compass system compared to a direct-reading magnetic compass with regard to:
— design (power source, weight and volume);
— deviation due to aircraft magnetism;
— turning and acceleration errors;
— attitude errors;
— accuracy and stability of the information displayed;
— availability of the information for several systems (compass card, RMI, automatic flight control system (AFCS)).”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
022 04 06 00 Solid-state systems — attitude and heading reference system (AHRS)
022 04 06 01 Components, indications
(01) “Explain that the AHRS is a replacement for traditional gyros using solid-state technology with no moving parts and is a single unit consisting of:
— solid-state accelerometers;
— solid-state rate sensor gyroscopes;
— solid-state magnetometers (measurement of the Earth’s magnetic field).”
(02) Explain that the AHRS senses rotation and acceleration for all three axes and senses the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field where the indications are normally provided on electronic screens (electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)).