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022 12 01 00 General
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
022 12 01 01 Alerting systems according to CS-25 and CS-29
(01) State definitions, category, criteria and characteristics of alerting systems according to CS-25/AMC 25.1322 for aeroplanes and CS-29 for helicopters as appropriate.
022 12 02 00 Flight warning systems (FWSs)
022 12 02 01 Annunciations, master warning, master caution, advisory
(01) “State the annunciations given by the FWS and typical location for the annunciator(s):
— master warning;
— master caution;
— advisory.”
(02) “Explain master warning:
— colour of annunciator: red;
— nature of aural alerts: continuous;
— typical failure scenarios triggering the alert.”
(03) “Explain master caution:
— colour of the annunciator: amber or yellow;
— nature of aural alerts: attention-getter;
— typical failure scenarios triggering the alert.”
(04) “Describe a typical procedure following a master warning or master caution alert:
— acknowledging the failure;
— silencing the aural warning;”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
— initiating the appropriate response/procedure.
(05) “Explain advisory:
— colour of the annunciator: any other than red, amber, yellow or green;
— absence of aural alert;
— typical scenarios triggering the advisory.”
022 12 03 00 Stall warning systems (SWSs)
022 12 03 01 Function, types, components
(01) Describe the function of an SWS and explain why the warning must be unique.
(02) Describe the different types of SWSs.
(03) List the main components of an SWS.
(04) Explain the difference between the stall warning speed and the actual stalling speed of the aeroplane.
022 12 04 00 Stall protection
022 12 04 01 Function, types
(01) Describe the function of a stall protection system.
(02) Describe the different types of stall protection systems including the difference between mechanical and FBW controls.
(03) Explain the difference between an SWS and a stall protection system.
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
022 12 05 00 Overspeed warning
022 12 05 01 Purpose, aural warning, VMO/MMO pointer
(01) Explain the purpose of an overspeed warning system (VMO/MMO pointer).
(02) State that for large aeroplanes, an aural warning must be associated to the overspeed warning if an electronic display is used (see AMC 25.11, paragraph 10.b(2), p. 2-GEN-22).
(03) Describe and give examples of VMO/MMO pointer: barber’s/barber pole pointer, barber’s/barber pole vertical scale.
022 12 06 00 Take-off warning
022 12 06 01 Purpose
(01) Explain the purpose of a take-off warning system and list the typical abnormal situations which generate a warning (see AMC 25.703, paragraphs 4 and 5).
022 12 07 00 Altitude alert system
022 12 07 01 Function, displays, alerts
(01) Describe the function of an altitude alert system.
(02) Describe different types of displays and possible alerts.
022 12 08 00 Radio altimeter
022 12 08 01 Purpose, range, displays, incorrect indications
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(01) Explain the purpose of a low-altitude radio altimeter.
(02) Describe the principle of the distance (height) measurement.
(03) Describe the different types of radio-altimeter displays.
(04) Describe how the radio altimeter provides input to other systems and how a radio-altimeter failure may impact on the functioning of these systems.
(05) State the range of a radio altimeter.
(06) “Explain the potential implications of an incorrect radio- altimeter indication and how this in particular may affect the following systems:
— autothrust;
— ground-proximity warning systems (GPWSs).”
022 12 09 00 Ground-proximity warning systems (GPWSs)
022 12 09 01 GPWSs: design, operation, indications
(01) Explain the purpose of GPWSs.
(02) Explain inputs and outputs of a GPWS and describe its operating principle.
(03) List and describe the different modes of operation of a GPWS.
022 12 09 02 Terrain-avoidance warning system (TAWS); other name: enhanced GPWS (EGPWS)
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(01) Explain the purpose of a TAWS for aeroplanes and of a HTAWS for helicopters, and explain the difference from a GPWS.
(02) Explain inputs and outputs of a TAWS/HTAWS and describe its working principle.
(03) Give examples of terrain displays and list the different possible alerts.
(04) Give examples of time response left to the pilot according to look-ahead distance, speed and aircraft performances.
(05) Explain why the TAWS/HTAWS must be coupled to a precise-position sensor.
(06) “Explain the possibility of triggering spurious TAWS/HTAWS warnings as a result of mismanaging the flight path in the proximity to obstacles:
— high rate of descent;
— high airspeed;
— a combination of high rate of descent and high airspeed.”
022 12 09 03 Intentionally left blank
022 12 10 00 ACAS/TCAS
022 12 10 01 Principles and operations
(01) State that ACAS II is an ICAO standard for anti-collision purposes.
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(02) Explain that ACAS II is an anti-collision system and does not guarantee any specific separation.
(03) Describe the purpose of an ACAS II system as an anti- collision system.
(04) “Describe the following outputs from a TCAS:
— other intruders;
— proximate intruders;
— traffic advisory (TA);
— resolution advisory (RA).”
(05) State that ACAS II will issue commands in the vertical plane only (climb, descent or maintain), and that the commands are complied with as a manual manoeuvre.
(06) Explain that an RA may or may not require any active control input and the implications of reacting instinctively without awareness of actual control inputs required to comply with the RA.
(07) Explain that if two aircraft are fitted with ACAS II, the RA will be coordinated.
(08) State that ACAS II equipment can take into account several threats simultaneously.
(09) State that a detected aircraft without altitude-reporting can only generate a TA; describe typical type of traffic and how this can create distractions during flight in certain areas of significant air traffic activity.
(10) Describe the interaction between the TCAS II system and the transponder, radio altimeter and the air-data
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
“computer:
— antenna used;
— computer and links with radio altimeter, air-data computer and mode-S transponder.”
(11) Explain the principle of TCAS II interrogations.
(12) “State the typical standard detection range for TCAS II:
— 35–40 NM horizontally;
— approximately 2 000 ft above and below (any setting);
— extension to approximately 10 000 ft above (ABV selected) or approximately 10 000 ft below (BLW selected).”
(13) Explain the principle of ‘reduced surveillance’.
(14) Explain that in high-density traffic areas the range may automatically be decreased in order to enable detection of the threats in the proximity of the aircraft due to a limitation of the maximum number of possible intruders the system is able to process.
(15) Identify the equipment which an intruder must be fitted with in order to be detected by TCAS II.
(16) “Explain in the anti-collision process:
— the criteria used to trigger an alarm (TA or RA) are the time to reach the closest point of approach (CPA) (called TAU) and the difference of altitude;
— an intruder will be classified as ‘proximate’ when being less than 6 NM and 1 200 ft from the TCAS-”
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
“equipped aircraft;
— the time limit to CPA is different depending on aircraft altitude, is linked to a sensitivity level (SL), and state that the value to trigger an RA is from 15 to 35 seconds;
— in case of an RA, the intended vertical separation varies from 300 to 600 ft (700 ft above FL420), depending on the SL;
— below 1 000 ft above ground, no RA can be generated;
— below 1 450 ft (radio-altimeter value) ‘increase descent’ RA is inhibited;
— at high altitude, performances of the type of aircraft are taken into account to inhibit ‘climb’ and ‘increase climb’ RA.”
(17) “List and interpret the following information available from TCAS:
— the different possible statuses of a detected aircraft: ‘other’, ‘proximate’, ‘intruder’;
— the appropriate graphic symbols and their position on the horizontal display;
— different aural warnings.”
(18) Explain the indications of a TA and an RA and how an RA will generate a red area on the VSI. Some variants will also include a green area. To manoeuvre the aircraft to comply with the RA, the pilot should ‘avoid the red’ or ‘fly the green’.
Syllabus reference BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(19) Explain that the pilot must not interpret the horizontal track of an intruder upon the display.
022 12 11 00 Rotor/engine overspeed alert system
022 12 11 01 Design, operation, displays, alarms
(01) Describe the basic design principles, operation, displays and warning/alarm systems fitted to different helicopters.