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032 01 01 00 Performance legislation
032 01 01 01 Applicability of airworthiness requirements of CS-23 and CS-25
(01) X Describe the application of certification specification (CSs) with regard to the different kinds of aeroplanes.
(02) X Describe the general differences between aeroplanes certified according to CS-23 (CS 23.1, CS 23.3) and CS-25 (CS 25.1, CS 25.20).
032 01 01 02 Operational regulations and safety
(01) X Describe the basic concept that the applicable operational requirements differ depending on aeroplane performance.
(02) Describe the performance classes for commercial air transport according to the applicable operational requirements.
032 01 01 03 Performance and safety
(01) X State that aeroplane performance required for commercial air transport may limit the weight of a dispatched aeroplane in order to achieve a sufficient level of safety.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(02) X Describe that the minimum level of safety required for commercial air transport is ensured through the combination of airworthiness requirements and operational limitations, i.e. the more stringent airworthiness requirements of CS-25 enable a wider range of operating conditions for these aeroplanes.
032 01 01 04 Performance definitions and safety factors
(01) X Describe measured performance and explain how it is determined.
(02) Describe gross performance.
(03) Describe net performance and safety factors.
(04) X Describe that the size of a safety factor depends on the likelihood of the event and the range of the measured performance data.
(05) Describe the relationship between net and gross take-off and landing distances, and net and gross climb and descent gradients.
032 01 02 00 General performance theory
032 01 02 01 Intentionally left blank
032 01 02 02 Definitions and terms
(01) X Define the terms ‘climb angle’ and ‘climb gradient’.
(02) X Define the terms ‘flight-path angle’ and ‘flight-path gradient’.
(03) X Define the terms ‘descent angle’ and ‘descent gradient’.
(04) X Explain the difference between climb/descent angle and flight-path angle.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(05) X Define ‘absolute ceiling’.
(06) Describe ‘clearway’ and ‘stopway’ according to CS-Definitions.
(07) “Describe:
— take-off run available (TORA);
— take-off distance available (TODA);
— accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA);
and determine each from given data or appropriate aerodrome charts.”
(08) Describe ‘screen height’ including its various values.
(09) X Define the terms ‘range’ and ‘endurance’.
(10) Define an aeroplane’s ‘specific range’ (SR) in terms of nautical air miles (NAM) per unit of fuel, and ‘specific range over the ground’ (SRG) in terms of nautical ground miles (NGM) per unit of fuel.
(11) Define the power available and power required.
032 01 02 03 Variables influencing performance
(01) X Name the following factors that affect aeroplane performance: pressure altitude and temperature, wind, aeroplane weight, aeroplane configuration, aeroplane anti-skid status, aeroplane centre of gravity (CG), aerodrome runway surface, and aerodrome runway slope.
(02) X Describe how, for different density altitudes, the thrust and power available vary with speed for a propeller-driven aeroplane.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(03) X Describe how, for different density altitudes, the thrust and power available vary with speed for a turbojet aeroplane.
(04) Describe how, for different density altitudes, the drag and power required vary with indicated airspeeds (IAS) and true airspeeds (TAS).
(05) Describe how, for different aeroplane weights and configurations, the drag and power required vary with IAS and TAS.
032 01 03 00 Level flight, range and endurance
032 01 03 01 Steady level flight
(01) X Explain how drag (thrust) and power required vary with speed in straight and level flight.
(02) X Explain the effect of excess thrust and power on speed in level flight.
(03) Interpret the ‘thrust/power required’ and ‘thrust/power available’ curves in straight and level flight.
(04) Describe how the maximum achievable straight and level flight IAS and TAS vary with altitude.
(05) Describe situations in which a pilot may elect to fly for ‘maximum endurance’ or ‘maximum range’.
032 01 03 02 Range
(01) Define a turbojet aeroplane’s specific fuel consumption (SFC) and describe how it affects fuel flow and specific range.
(02) Define a propeller-driven aeroplane’s SFC and describe how it affects fuel flow and specific range.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(03) Explain the optimum speed for maximum SR for a turbojet aeroplane in relation to the drag curve.
(04) Explain the optimum speed to achieve maximum SR for a propeller- driven aeroplane in relation to the power required and drag graphs.
(05) Explain the effect of aeroplane weight and CG position on fuel consumption, range and the optimum speed for maximum SR.
(06) State how a turbojet engine’s SFC varies with temperature and thrust setting.
(07) Explain how SR for a turbojet aeroplane varies with altitude and under different meteorological conditions.
(08) Explain how SRG for a propeller-driven aeroplane varies with altitude and under different meteorological conditions.
(09) Explain the effect of weight on the optimum altitude for maximum range.
(10) Describe the effect of wind on SRG and the optimum speed for SRG , when compared to SR, and the optimum speed for SR.
032 01 03 03 Maximum endurance
(01) Explain fuel flow in relation to TAS and thrust for a turbojet aeroplane.
(02) State the speed for maximum endurance for a turbojet aeroplane.
(03) Explain fuel flow in relation to TAS and thrust for a propeller-driven aeroplane.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(04) State the speed for maximum endurance for a propeller-driven aeroplane and the disadvantages of holding at this speed (e.g. high angle of attack (AoA) and lack of speed stability).
(05) Explain the effect of wind and altitude on endurance, and the maximum endurance speed for a turbojet aeroplane.
(06) Explain the effect of wind and altitude on endurance, and the maximum endurance speed for a propeller-driven aeroplane.
(07) Describe the benefits of managing your en-route airspeed to reduce or avoid holding time, and the operational situations when it could be used (commanded by the pilot or air traffic control (ATC), when delays at arrival airport occur).
032 01 04 00 Climbing
032 01 04 01 Climbing (climb performance)
(01) Resolve the forces during a steady climb.
(02) “Define and explain the following terms:
— critical engine;
— speed for best angle of climb (VX);
— speed for best rate of climb (VY).”
(03) Explain climb performance in relation to the thrust available and thrust required (angle of climb), and power available and power required (rate of climb).
(04) Explain the meaning and effect of ‘excess thrust’ and ‘excess power’ in a steady climb.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(05) Interpret the ‘thrust/power required’ and ‘thrust/power available’ curves in a steady climb.
(06) State the difference between climb angle and gradient.
(07) Explain the effect of weight on the climb angle and rate of climb, and the speed for best angle and best rate of climb.
(08) Explain the effects of pressure altitude and temperature, including an inversion on climb performance (angle and rate of climb).
(09) Explain the effect of configuration on climb performance (angle and rate of climb, and VX and VY).
(10) Describe the effect of engine failure on climb performance (angle and rate of climb, and VX and VY).
(11) Calculate the all-engine-out and one-engine-out climb gradient from given values of engine thrust and aeroplane drag and weight.
032 01 05 00 Descending
032 01 05 01 Descending (descent performance)
(01) Resolve the forces during steady descent and in the glide.
(02) Explain descent performance in relation to thrust available and thrust required (drag), and power available and power required.
(03) Explain the meaning of ‘excess thrust required’ (excess drag) and ‘excess power required’ in a steady descent.
(04) Interpret the ‘thrust/power required’ and ‘thrust/power available’ curves in a steady descent.
Syllabus BK Syllabus details and associated Learning Objectives
(05) Explain the effect of mass, altitude, wind, speed and configuration on the glide descent.
(06) Explain the effect of mass, altitude, wind, speed and configuration on the powered descent.