050 08 00 00 CLIMATOLOGY

The standard model with the Hadley, ferrel and polar cells.

Tropical rain climate – ±10° of the equator – hot and wet >18°C. This is where the doldrums are, low pressure all year.

Dry Climate – 20° to 30°. Little rain wide diurnal temperature range.

Mid-latitude – 30° to 65°. Land and water differences a major factor. Milder, warmer summers and cool, wet winters.

Subarctic – Long hard winters and short summers. Boreal and tundra. radio change during spring and autumn.

Snow Climate – >70° latitude. Cold and dry.

Unstable as they are heated from below as they blow towards the ITCZ . Very humid and relatively hot.

>18°C 80% humidity at about 10 to 15 000′

Weather can be extreme rainfall, mostly wet >200 days per year.

Southern India, SE Asiaa Northern Australia and West Africa

sunny skies, calm winds, and very little precipitation

23.5° N in summer and 23.5° S in winter with big differences over land due to heating.

Bad, TS/CB, turbulence, wincher, hail, icing, tornados, lightning, heavy rain – basically everything that’s bad for aeroplanes.

Mesoscale intense convective weather. Continent sized land and sea breezes. Locations above.

All the bad stuff again.

Modified as they pass over land and sea.

SW – Summer – moist air lifted over land, all the bad stuff.

NE – Winter – Wind from land to sea – Harmattan wind. Dusty, poor visibility. Ice, lightning, heavy flooding if moisture is picked up.

SW – Summer same as above really.

NE – winter Cooler, drier, poor visibility ma be fog also.

South easterly in cool months NW in warmer months depending on the position of the ITCZ, Coriolis etc…

Australia reverses from Summer wet NW and drier winter SE.

Gust fronts lift the particles.

Polar air vortex. Heavy northern air is forced downward like a ridge.

Splits cold air from the main polar air to form a bubble. Quite abnormal.

Cold air drops, undetectable on the ground. Unstable and last for several days

Pampero – In South America. Sudden push of cold air from an active low.

Tend to cause TRS

They make their way east bashing into Western Europe.

All covered before I think. Weird LO.

Moist stable air lifted cools a DALR then the SALR, condenses to cloud. Precipitation on the windward side. Descends on the leeward side, compresses, heats up and becomes dry. Warms at the DALR.

Chinook in America is dryer to start with.

Mistral – Strong, cold wind from Southern France. Driven from high pressure in NW Europe to low pressure in the Mediterranean. Channeled along the Rhone valley with the Venturi effect making the wind stronger.

Bora – Cold strong karabatic NE wind along the East Adriatic coast. Srong on the winter when high pressure sits over Europe with low pressure over the warmer Adriatic.

Blows mostly during the winter from the high pressure areas of North Africa as a northeasterly wind towards the ITCZ. (Northeast trade winds). The Harmattan is a cool dusty wind that may reduce visibility to below 1000 m, especially in areas bordering desert regions, such as Kano, Nigeria. The dust layer may extend to 7000 or 10000 ft or more, and visibility improves towards the coast. The Harmattan blows from November through to April, though by this time the winds will be light, especially in the south.