081 06 00 00 LIMITATIONS

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081 06 01 00 Operating limitations
081 06 01 01 Flutter

(01) Describe the phenomenon of flutter and how IAS and mass distribution affects the likelihood of flutter occurrence. (02) Describe the use of mass balance to alleviate the flutter problem by adjusting the mass distribution:
— wing-mounted engines on pylons;
— control surface mass balance. (03) State how to avoid flutter, and possible actions if flutter occurred.

081 06 01 02 Aileron reversal

(01) Describe the phenomenon of aileron reversal:
— at low speeds;
— at high speeds.
Describe the aileron reversal speed in relationship to VNE and VNO.

081 06 01 03 Landing gear/flap operating

(01) Describe the reason for flap/landing gear limitations.
— Define ‘VLO’.
— Define ‘VLE’. (02) Explain why there is a difference between VLO and VLE in the case of some aeroplane types. (03) Define ‘VFE’ and describe flap limiting speeds. (04) Describe flap design features, procedures and warnings to prevent overload.

081 06 01 04 VMO, VNO, and VNE

(01) X Define ‘VMO’, ‘VNO’, and ‘VNE’. (02) Describe VMO, VNO and VNE, the relevance of the airspeed on which they are based, and the differences between the
airspeeds. (03) Explain the hazards of flying at speeds close to VNE and VMO.

081 06 01 05 MMO

(01) Define ‘MMO’ and state its limiting factors.

081 06 02 00 Manoeuvring envelope
081 06 02 01 Manoeuvring–load diagram

(01) Describe the manoeuvring–load diagram. (02) Define limit and ultimate load factor, and explain what can happen if these values are exceeded. (03) Define ‘VA’, ‘VC’, and ‘VD’. (04) Identify and explain the varying features on the VN diagram:
— load factor ‘n’;
— speed scale, equivalent airspeed;
— equivalent airspeed envelope;
— CLMAX boundary;
— 1g stall speed;
— accelerated stall boundary (refer to 081 03 01 02). (05) Describe the relationship between VMO or VNE and VC. (06) State all the manoeuvring load-factors limits applicable to CS-23 and CS-25 aeroplanes. (07) Explain the relationship between VA and VS in a formula, and calculate the values. (08) Explain the significance of VA and the adverse consequences of applying full, abrupt nose-up elevator deflection when exceeding VA.

081 06 02 02 Factors affecting the manoeuvring–load diagram

(01) State the relationship of mass to:
— load-factor limits;
— accelerated stall speed boundary limit;
— VA and explain why if a single value for VA is given, it will be at the aeroplane’s maximum structural take-off mass and at low altitude. (02) Calculate the change of VA with changing mass. (03) Explain why VA loses significance at higher altitude where compressibility effects occur. (04) X Define ‘MC’ and ‘MD’ and their relation with ‘VC’ and ‘VD’.

081 06 03 00 Gust envelope
081 06 03 01 Gust–load diagram

(01) Recognise a typical gust–load diagram, and state the minimum gust speeds in ft/s, m/s and kt that the aeroplane must be designed to withstand at VB to VC and VD. (02) Discuss considerations for the selection of VRA. (03) Explain the adverse effects on the aeroplane when flying in turbulence.

081 06 03 02 Factors affecting the gust–load diagram

(01) Describe and explain the relationship between the gust–load factor and the following: lift–curve slope, aspect ratio, angle of sweep, altitude, wing loading, weight, wing area, equivalent airspeed (EAS), and speed of vertical gust.