Airlaw – ADs – 010 09 00 00

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010 09 01 00 General
010 09 01 01 General — AD reference code

(01) Describe the intent of the AD reference code and state the functions of the two code elements.

To identify suitable aerodromes;

First: Runway length (Number).

Second: Maximum wingspan and outer main gear span (Letter).

1 – 4 and A to F.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 1, 1.6 Reference Code

010 09 02 00 Aerodrome (AD) data
010 09 02 01 Aerodrome (AD) reference point

(01) Describe where the AD reference point shall be located and where it shall normally remain.

At or near the geometric centre even if the layout changes.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2, 2.2 Aerodrome reference point

010 09 02 02 Pavement strengths

(01) Explain the terms: ‘pavement classification number (PCN)’ and ‘aircraft classification number (ACN)’, and describe their mutual dependence.

PCN – Load bearing strength of the pavement.

ACN – Aircraft classification number.

PCN not provided for aircraft <5700 kg

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2,2.6 Strength of pavements

(02) Describe how the bearing strength for an aircraft with an apron mass equal to or less than 5 700 kg shall be reported.

Capability is expressed in terms of maximum mass or tire pressure.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2, 2.6 Strength of pavements

010 09 02 03 Declared distances

(01) State that ICAO Annex 14 provides guidance on the calculation of declared distances (TORA, TODA, ASDA, LDA).

(02) Recall the definitions for the four main declared distances.

Take Off Run Available – Length suitable for ground run.

Take Off Distance Available – Take off run plus the length of the clearway.

Accelerate Stop Distance Available – Length of ground run plus length of stowaway.

Landing Distance Available – Suitable for ground run when landing.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 1,1.1 Definitions

010 09 02 04 Condition of the movement area and related facilities

(01) State the purpose of informing AIS and ATS units about the condition of the movement area and related facilities.

To enable those units to provide the necessary information to arriving and departing aircraft. The information shall be kept up to date and changes in conditions reported without delay.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2,2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities

(02) List the matters of operational significance or affecting aircraft performance which should be reported to AIS and ATS units to be transmitted to aircraft involved.

a) construction or maintenance work;

b) rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

c) snow, slush, ice, or frost on a runway, a taxiway or an apron; [applicable until 4 November 2020]

d) water on a runway, a taxiway or an apron; [applicable until 4 November 2020]

e) anti-icing or de-icing liquid chemicals or other contaminants on a runway, taxiway or apron;

f) snow banks or drifts adjacent to a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

g) other temporary hazards, including parked aircraft;

h) failure or irregular operation of part or all of the aerodrome visual aids; and

i) failure of the normal or secondary power supply.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2,2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities

(03) Describe the three different types of water deposit on RWYs.

DAMP — the surface shows a change of colour due to moisture.

WET — the surface is soaked but there is no standing water.

STANDING WATER — for aeroplane performance purposes, a runway where more than 25 per cent of the runway surface area (whether in isolated areas or not) within the required length and width being used is covered by water more than 3 mm deep.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2,2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities

(04) Explain the different types of frozen water on the RWY and their impact on aircraft braking performance.

COMPACTED SNOW
DRY
DRY SNOW
DRY SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW DRY SNOW ON TOP OF ICE

FROST
ICE
SLUSH
STANDING WATER
WATER ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW WET

WET ICE
WET SNOW
WET SNOW ON TOP OF COMPACTED SNOW WET SNOW ON TOP OF ICE
CHEMICALLY TREATED
LOOSE SAND

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 2,2.9 Condition of the movement area and related facilities

(05) Describe the five levels of braking action including the associated coefficients and codes.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Annex A,6. Assessing the surface friction characteristics of snow-, slush-, ice- and frost-covered paved surfaces

010 09 03 00 Physical characteristics
010 09 03 01 Runways (RWYs)

(01) Describe where a THR should normally be located.

Beginning of the portion of the runway available for landing.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.1.5 and3.1.6 Location of threshold

(02) Describe the general considerations concerning RWYs associated with a stopway (SWY) or clearway (CWY).

Recommendation.— Where a runway is associated with a stopway or clearway, an actual runway length less than that resulting from application of 3.1.7 or 3.1.8, as appropriate, may be considered satisfactory, but in such a case any combination of runway, stopway and clearway provided should permit compliance with the operational requirements for take-off and landing of the aeroplanes the runway is intended to serve.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3,3.1.9 Runways with stopways or clearways

010 09 03 02 Runway (RWY) strips

(01) Explain the term ‘runway strip’.

General

3.4.1 A runway and any associated stopways shall be included in a strip.

Length of runway strips

3.4.2 A strip shall extend before the threshold and beyond the end of the runway or stopway for a distance of at least:

— 60mwherethecodenumberis2,3or4;
— 60 m where the code number is 1 and the runway is an instrument one; and
— 30 m where the code number is 1 and the runway is a non-instrument one.Width of runway strips

3.4.3 A strip including a precision approach runway shall, wherever practicable, extend laterally to a distance of at least:

— 140 m where the code number is 3 or 4; and

— 70m where the code number is 1 or 2;
on each side of the centre line of the runway and its extended centre line throughout the length of the strip.

3.4.4 Recommendation.— A strip including a non-precision approach runway should extend laterally to a distance of at least:

— 140 m where the code number is 3 or 4; and

— 70m where the code number is 1 or 2;
on each side of the centre line of the runway and its extended centre line throughout the length of the strip.

3.4.5 Recommendation.— A strip including a non-instrument runway should extend on each side of the centre line of the runway and its extended centre line throughout the length of the strip, to a distance of at least:

— 75mwherethecodenumberis3or4;
— 40 m where the code number is 2; and
— 30 m where the code number is 1.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.4 General,3.4.1

010 09 03 03 Runway-end safety area

(01) Explain the term ‘runway-end safety area’.

Semi-prepared surface to reduce the risk of damage in case of an undershoot or overshoot.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.5 Runway end safety area 3.5.1 and 3.5.2

010 09 03 04 Clearway (CWY)

(01) Explain the term ‘clearway’.

Rectangular area on the ground or water under control of the appropriate authority where an aeroplane can use for initial climb.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3,3.6 Clearways

010 09 03 05 Stopway (SWY)

(01) Explain the term ‘stopway’.

Rectangular area on the ground at the end of TORA where the aircraft can stop in the case of an abandoned takeoff.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3,3.7 Stopways

010 09 03 06 Intentionally left blank

010 09 03 07 Taxiways (TWYs)

(01)

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3,3.9 Taxiways – Rapid-exit taxiways

(02) Explain TWY widening in curves.

For adequate radius for larger aircraft.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3,3.9.5 Taxiways curves

(03)Explain when and where holding bays should be provided.

Where traffic is medium-high.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.12

(04) Describe where RWY holding positions shall be established.

On the taxiway at intersections of taxiways and runways
Intersections of runways with other runways when forming part of a taxi route
If there is a risk of radio interference or infringing an obstacle free area.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.12

(05) Describe the term ‘road holding position’.

For vehicles

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.12

(06) Describe where intermediate TWY holding positions should be established.

Where there is a need to define a holding position away from runway holding position.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 3, 3.12

010 09 04 00 Visual aids for navigation
010 09 04 01 Indicators and signalling devices

(01) Describe the wind-direction indicators with which ADs shall be equipped.

At least one

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.1.1 Wind direction indicator (Application, Location and Characteristics)

(02) Describe a landing-direction indicator.

A T

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.1.2 Landing direction indicator

(03) Explain the capabilities of a signalling lamp.

Red, green and white.

Highly directional

(04) X State which characteristics a signal area should have.

9m square

Horizontal

Visible in azimuth 10° above when viewed from 300m

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.1.4 Signal panels and signal area, 5.1.4.1 to 5.1.4.3

(05) X Interpret all indications and signals that may be used in a signal area.

Look it up man…..

Source: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 (SERA) — Appendix 1 Signals, 3.2 Visual ground signals

010 09 04 02 Markings

(01) Name the colours used for the various markings (RWY, TWY, aircraft stands, apron safety lines).

RWY – White

TWY – Yellow

Aircraft stands – Yellow

Saftey lines – Anything conspicuous

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.2 Markings

(02) State where a RWY designation marking shall be provided and describe the different layouts (excluding dimensions).

Application

5.2.2.1 A runway designation marking shall be provided at the thresholds of a paved runway.
5.2.2.2 Recommendation.— A runway designation marking should be provided, so far as practicable, at the

thresholds of an unpaved runway.

Location

5.2.2.3 A runway designation marking shall be located at a threshold as shown in Figure 5-2 as appropriate.

Note.— If the runway threshold is displaced from the extremity of the runway, a sign showing the designation of the runway may be provided for aeroplanes taking off.

Characteristics

5.2.2.4 A runway designation marking shall consist of a two-digit number and on parallel runways shall be supplemented with a letter. On a single runway, dual parallel runways and triple parallel runways the two-digit number shall be the whole number nearest the one-tenth of the magnetic North when viewed from the direction of approach. On four or more parallel runways, one set of adjacent runways shall be numbered to the nearest one-tenth magnetic azimuth and the other set of adjacent runways numbered to the next nearest one-tenth of the magnetic azimuth. When the above rule would give a single digit number, it shall be preceded by a zero.

5.2.2.5 In the case of parallel runways, each runway designation number shall be supplemented by a letter as follows, in the order shown from left to right when viewed from the direction of approach:

— for two parallel runways: “L” “R”;
— for three parallel runways: “L” “C” “R”;
— for four parallel runways: “L” “R” “L” “R”;
— for five parallel runways: “L” “C” “R” “L” “R” or “L” “R” “L” “C” “R”; and
— for six parallel runways: “L” “C” “R” “L” “C” “R”.

5.2.2.6 The numbers and letters shall be in the form and proportion shown in Figure 5-3. The dimensions shall be not less than those shown in Figure 5-3, but where the numbers are incorporated in the threshold marking, larger dimensions shall be used in order to fill adequately the gap between the stripes of the threshold marking.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.2 Markings

(03) Describe the application and general characteristics (excluding dimensions) of:

— RWY-centre-line markings;

A runway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved runway.

A runway centre line marking shall consist of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps. The length of a stripe plus a gap shall be not less than 50 m or more than 75 m. The length of each stripe shall be at least equal to the length of the gap or 30 m, whichever is greater.

— THR markings;

5.2.4.1 A threshold marking shall be provided at the threshold of a paved instrument runway, and of a paved non- instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by international commercial air transport.

5.2.4.5 A runway threshold marking shall consist of a pattern of longitudinal stripes of uniform dimensions disposed symmetrically about the centre line of a runway as shown in Figure 5-2 (A) and (B) for a runway width of 45 m. The number of stripes shall be in accordance with the runway width as follows:

— touchdown-zone (TDZ) markings;

5.2.6.1 A touchdown zone marking shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved precision approach runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4.

5.2.6.3 A touchdown zone marking shall consist of pairs of rectangular markings symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line with the number of such pairs related to the landing distance available and, where the marking is to be displayed at both the approach directions of a runway, the distance between the thresholds, as follows:

— RWY-side-stripe markings;

5.2.7.1 A runway side stripe marking shall be provided between the thresholds of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain.

5.2.7.5 Recommendation.— A runway side stripe should have an overall width of at least 0.9 m on runways 30 m or more in width and at least 0.45 m on narrower runways.

— TWY-centre-line markings;

5.2.8.1 Taxiway centre line marking shall be provided on a paved taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron where the code number is 3 or 4 in such a way as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands.

5.2.8.10 A taxiway centre line marking shall be at least 15 cm in width and continuous in length except where it intersects with a runway-holding position marking or an intermediate holding position marking as shown in Figure 5-6.

— RWY holding position markings;

5.2.10.1 A runway-holding position marking shall be displayed along a runway-holding position.

5.2.10.2 At an intersection of a taxiway and a non-instrument, non-precision approach or take-off runway, the runway- holding position marking shall be as shown in Figure 5-6, pattern A.

5.2.10.3 Where a single runway-holding position is provided at an intersection of a taxiway and a precision approach category I, II or III runway, the runway-holding position marking shall be as shown in Figure 5-6, pattern A. Where two or three runway-holding positions are provided at such an intersection, the runway-holding position marking closer (closest) to the runway shall be as shown in Figure 5-6, pattern A and the markings farther from the runway shall be as shown in Figure 5-6, pattern B.

5.2.10.4 The runway-holding position marking displayed at a runway-holding position established in accordance with 3.12.3 shall be as shown in Figure 5-6, pattern A.

5.2.10.5 Until 26 November 2026, the dimensions of runway-holding position markings shall be as shown in Figure 5-8, pattern A1 (or A2) or pattern B1 (or B2), as appropriate.

5.2.10.6 As of 26 November 2026, the dimensions of runway-holding position markings shall be as shown in Figure 5-8, pattern A2 or pattern B2, as appropriate.

— intermediate holding position markings;

5.2.11.3 Where an intermediate holding position marking is displayed at an intersection of two paved taxiways, it shall be located across the taxiway at sufficient distance from the near edge of the intersecting taxiway to ensure safe clearance between taxiing aircraft. It shall be coincident with a stop bar or intermediate holding position lights, where provided.

5.2.11.4 The distance between an intermediate holding position marking at the exit boundary of a remote de-icing/ anti-icing facility and the centre line of the adjoining taxiway shall not be less than the dimension specified in Table 3-1, column 11.

5.2.11.5 An intermediate holding position marking shall consist of a single broken line as shown in Figure 5-6.

— aircraft-stand markings;

5.2.13.1 Recommendation.— Aircraft stand markings should be provided for designated parking positions on a paved apron and on a de-icing/anti-icing facility.

5.2.13.3 Recommendation.— Aircraft stand markings should include such elements as stand identification, lead-in line, turn bar, turning line, alignment bar, stop line and lead-out line, as are required by the parking configuration and to complement other parking aids.

Many more…

— apron safety lines;

5.2.14.1 Recommendation.— Apron safety lines should be provided on a paved apron as required by the parking configurations and ground facilities.

5.2.14.3 Recommendation.— Apron safety lines should include such elements as wing tip clearance lines and service road boundary lines as required by the parking configurations and ground facilities.

Recommendation.— An apron safety line should be continuous in length and at least 10 cm in width.

— road holding position markings;

A road-holding position marking shall be provided at all road entrances to a runway.

5.2.15.3 The road-holding position marking shall be in accordance with the local road traffic regulations.

— mandatory instruction markings;

5.2.16.1 Where it is impracticable to install a mandatory instruction sign in accordance with 5.4.2.1, a mandatory instruction marking shall be provided on the surface of the pavement.

5.2.16.2 Recommendation.— Where operationally required, such as on taxiways exceeding 60 m in width, or to assist in the prevention of a runway incursion, a mandatory instruction sign should be supplemented by a mandatory instruction marking.

5.2.16.6 A mandatory instruction marking shall consist of an inscription in white on a red background. Except for a NO ENTRY marking, the inscription shall provide information identical to that of the associated mandatory instruction sign.

5.2.16.7 A NO ENTRY marking shall consist of an inscription in white reading NO ENTRY on a red background.

5.2.16.8 Where there is insufficient contrast between the marking and the pavement surface, the mandatory instruction marking shall include an appropriate border, preferably white or black.

— information markings.

5.2.17.1 Where an information sign would normally be installed and is impractical to install, as determined by the appropriate authority, an information marking shall be displayed on the surface of the pavement.

5.2.17.6 An information marking shall consist of:

a) an inscription in yellow upon a black background, when it replaces or supplements a location sign; and
b) an inscription in black upon a yellow background, when it replaces or supplements a direction or destination sign.

5.2.17.7 Where there is insufficient contrast between the marking background and the pavement surface, the marking shall include:

a) a black border where the inscriptions are in black; and
b) a yellow border where the inscriptions are in yellow.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.2 Markings

010 09 04 03 Lights

(01) Describe the mechanical safety considerations regarding elevated approach lights and elevated RWY, SWY and TWY lights.

Must be frangible.

Must be low enough to clear propellors and engine pods

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.3.1.4 to 5.3.1.8 (Elevated approach lights, elevated lights and surface lights)

(02) List the conditions for the installation of an aerodrome beacon (ABN) and describe its general characteristics.

White/Green

If aircraft navigate visually
Reduced visibility
Hard to locate aerodrome

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.3.3 Aeronautical beacons

(03)Describe the different kinds of operations for which a simple approach lighting system shall be used.

Non-instrument, runway code 3/4 that are used at night.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.3.4 Approach lighting systems

(04) Describe the basic installations of a simple approach lighting system including the dimensions and distances normally used.

Row of lights extending where possible not less than 420m from the threshold.

A row of lights form a crossbar 18m or 30m in length 300m from the threshold.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.2

(05) Describe the principle of a precision approach category I lighting system including information such as location and characteristics.

Extended centre line of white lights for 900m from threshold
Single 30m crossbar of lights 300m from the threshold forming a line at right angles to the centreline lights.
Centreline lights at 30m intervals, innermost 30m from the threshold.

Source:

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.10;

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.14

(06) Describe the principle of a precision approach category II and III lighting system including information such as location and characteristics, especially the inner 300 m of the system.

An extended centreline of white lights extending for 900m from the runway threshold.
A centreline illuminated either by variable white barrettes or single variable white lights if more than 300m from the threshold.
2 rows of variable red sidelights extending to 270m
5 Crossbars, the last two located 150m and 300m from the threshold

Source:

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.22;

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.30;

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5, 5.3.4.31

(07) Describe the wing bars of the precision approach path indicator (PAPI) and the abbreviated precision approach path indicator (APAPI). Interpret what the pilot will see during the approach using PAPI.

The PAPI system shall consist of a wing bar of four sharp transition multi-lamp (or paired single lamp) units equally spaced. The system shall be located on the left side of the runway unless it is physically impracticable to do so.

Note.— Where a runway is used by aircraft requiring visual roll guidance which is not provided by other external means, then a second wing bar may be provided on the opposite side of the runway.

5.3.5.25 The APAPI system shall consist of a wing bar of two sharp transition multi-lamp (or paired single lamp) units. The system shall be located on the left side of the runway unless it is physically impracticable to do so.

Note.— Where a runway is used by aircraft requiring visual roll guidance which is not provided by other external means, then a second wing bar may be provided on the opposite side of the runway.

5.3.5.26 The wing bar of a PAPI shall be constructed and arranged in such a manner that a pilot making an approach will:

a) when on or close to the approach slope, see the two units nearest the runway as red and the two units farthest from the runway as white;
b) when above the approach slope, see the one unit nearest the runway as red and the three units farthest from the runway as white; and when further above the approach slope, see all the units as white; and
c) when below the approach slope, see the three units nearest the runway as red and the unit farthest from the runway as white; and when further below the approach slope, see all the units as red.

5.3.5.27 The wing bar of an APAPI shall be constructed and arranged in such a manner that a pilot making an approach will:

a) when on or close to the approach slope, see the unit nearer the runway as red and the unit farther from the runway as white;
b) when above the approach slope, see both the units as white; and
c) when below the approach slope, see both the units as red.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5,5.3.5.24 to 5.3.5.27 PAPA and APAPI

~~(08) Interpret what the pilot will see during an approach using a helicopter approach path indicator (HAPI).”]~~

~~[/expand]~~

~~Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume II, Chapter 5,5.3.6 Visual approach slope indicator~~

(09) Explain the application and characteristics (as applicable, but limited to colour, intensity, direction and whether fixed or flashing) of:

— RWY-edge lights;

5.3.9.1 Runway edge lights shall be provided for a runway intended for use at night or for a precision approach runway intended for use by day or night.

5.3.9.7 Runway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white, except that:

a) in the case of a displaced threshold, the lights between the beginning of the runway and the displaced threshold shall show red in the approach direction; and
b) a section of the lights 600 m or one-third of the runway length, whichever is the less, at the remote end of the runway from the end at which the take-off run is started, may show yellow.

5.3.9.8 The runway edge lights shall show at all angles in azimuth necessary to provide guidance to a pilot landing or taking off in either direction. When the runway edge lights are intended to provide circling guidance, they shall show at all angles in azimuth (see 5.3.6.1).

5.3.9.9 In all angles of azimuth required in 5.3.9.8, runway edge lights shall show at angles up to 15° above the horizontal with an intensity adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway for take-off or landing is intended. In any case, the intensity shall be at least 50 cd except that at an aerodrome without extraneous lighting, the intensity of the lights may be reduced to not less than 25 cd to avoid dazzling the pilot.

5.3.9.10 Runway edge lights on a precision approach runway shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-9 or A2-10.

— RWY-THR and wing-bar lights;

5.3.10.1 Runway threshold lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway edge lights, except on a non- instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and wing bar lights are provided.

5.3.10.6 Recommendation.— Wing bar lights should be provided on a precision approach runway when additional conspicuity is considered desirable.

5.3.10.7 Wing bar lights shall be provided on a non-instrument or non-precision approach runway where the threshold is displaced and runway threshold lights are required, but are not provided.

5.3.10.9 Runway threshold and wing bar lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing green in the direction of approach to the runway. The intensity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway is intended.

5.3.10.10 Runway threshold lights on a precision approach runway shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-3.

5.3.10.11 Threshold wing bar lights on a precision approach runway shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-4.

— RWY-end lights;

5.3.11.1 Runway end lights shall be provided for a runway equipped with runway edge lights.

5.3.11.4 Runway end lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway. The intensity and beam spread of the lights shall be adequate for the conditions of visibility and ambient light in which use of the runway is intended.

5.3.11.5 Runway end lights on a precision approach runway shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-8.

— RWY-centre-line lights;

5.3.12.1 Runway centre line lights shall be provided on a precision approach runway category II or III.

5.3.12.7 Runway centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white from the threshold to the point 900 m from the runway end; alternate red and variable white from 900 m to 300 m from the runway end; and red from 300 m to the runway end, except that for runways less than 1 800 m in length, the alternate red and variable white lights shall extend from the midpoint of the runway usable for landing to 300 m from the runway end.

5.3.12.8 Runway centre line lights shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-6 or A2-7.

— RWY-lead-in lights;

— RWY-TDZ lights;

5.3.13.1 Touchdown zone (TDZ) lights shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a precision approach runway category II or III.

5.3.13.3 5.3.13.4 5.3.13.5 5.3.13.6

A barrette shall be composed of at least three lights with a spacing between the lights of not more than 1.5 m.

Recommendation.— A barrette should be not less than 3 m nor more than 4.5 m in length. Touchdown zone lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing variable white.
Touchdown zone lights shall be in accordance with the specifications of Appendix 2, Figure A2-5.

— SWY lights;

5.3.16.1 Stopway lights shall be provided for a stopway intended for use at night.

5.3.16.3 Stopway lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway.

— TWY-centre-line lights;

5.3.17.1 Taxiway centre line lights shall be provided on an exit taxiway, taxiway, de-icing/anti-icing facility and apron intended for use in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 350 m in such a manner as to provide continuous guidance between the runway centre line and aircraft stands, except that these lights need not be provided where the traffic density is light and taxiway edge lights and centre line marking provide adequate guidance.

5.3.17.6 Except as provided for in 5.3.17.8, taxiway centre line lights on a taxiway other than an exit taxiway and on a runway forming part of a standard taxi-route shall be fixed lights showing green with beam dimensions such that the light is visible only from aeroplanes on or in the vicinity of the taxiway.

5.3.17.7 Taxiway centre line lights on an exit taxiway shall be fixed lights. Alternate taxiway centre line lights shall show green and yellow from their beginning near the runway centre line to the perimeter of the ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area or the lower edge of the inner transitional surface, whichever is farthest from the runway; and thereafter all lights shall show green (Figure 5-26). The first light in the exit centre line shall always show green, and the light nearest to the perimeter shall always show yellow.

— TWY-edge lights;

5.3.18.1 Taxiway edge lights shall be provided at the edges of a runway turn pad, holding bay, de-icing/anti-icing facility, apron, etc., intended for use at night and on a taxiway not provided with taxiway centre line lights and intended for use at night, except that taxiway edge lights need not be provided where, considering the nature of the operations, adequate guidance can be achieved by surface illumination or other means.

5.3.18.7 Taxiway edge lights shall be fixed lights showing blue. The lights shall show up to at least 75° above the horizontal and at all angles in azimuth necessary to provide guidance to a pilot taxiing in either direction. At an intersection, exit or curve the lights shall be shielded as far as practicable so that they cannot be seen in angles of azimuth in which they may be confused with other lights.

5.3.18.8 The intensity of taxiway edge lights shall be at least 2 cd from 0° to 6° vertical, and 0.2 cd at any vertical angles between 6° and 75°.

— stop bars;

5.3.20.1 A stop bar shall be provided at every runway-holding position serving a runway when it is intended that the runway will be used in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 350 m, except where:

a) appropriate aids and procedures are available to assist in preventing inadvertent incursions of traffic onto the runway; or
b) operational procedures exist to limit, in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 550 m, the number of:

5.3.20.2
runway will be used in runway visual range conditions of values between 350 m and 550 m, except where:

A stop bar shall be provided at every runway-holding position serving a runway when it is intended that the

a) appropriate aids and procedures are available to assist in preventing inadvertent incursions of traffic onto the runway; or
b) operational procedures exist to limit, in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 550 m, the number of:

aircraft on the manoeuvring area to one at a time;
and vehicles on the manoeuvring area to the essential minimum

5.3.20.6 Stop bars shall consist of lights spaced at uniform intervals of no more than 3 m across the taxiway, showing red in the intended direction(s) of approach to the intersection or runway-holding position.

— intermediate holding position lights;

5.3.21.1 Except where a stop bar has been installed, intermediate holding position lights shall be provided at an intermediate holding position intended for use in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 350 m.

5.3.21.4 Intermediate holding position lights shall consist of three fixed unidirectional lights showing yellow in the direction of approach to the intermediate holding position with a light distribution similar to taxiway centre line lights if provided. The lights shall be disposed symmetrically about and at right angle to the taxiway centre line, with individual lights spaced 1.5 m apart.

— RWY guard lights;

5.3.23.1 Runway guard lights, Configuration A, shall be provided at each taxiway/runway intersection associated with a runway intended for use in:

a) runway visual range conditions less than a value of 550 m where a stop bar is not installed; and
b) runway visual range conditions of values between 550 m and 1 200 m where the traffic density is heavy.

5.3.23.6 Runway guard lights, Configuration A, shall consist of two pairs of yellow lights.

5.3.23.8 Runway guard lights, Configuration B, shall consist of yellow lights spaced at intervals of 3 m across the taxiway.

5.3.23.9 The light beam shall be unidirectional and aligned so as to be visible to the pilot of an aeroplane taxiing to the holding position.

— road holding position lights.

Must be installed for low visibility operations coloured as per national road traffic regs or flashing red.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5

(10) State the timescale within which aeronautical ground lights shall be made available to arriving aircraft.

Source: ICAO Doc 4444, Section 7.15 Aeronautical ground lights

010 09 04 04 Signs

(01) Explain which signs are the only ones on the movement area utilising red.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(02) List the provisions for illuminating signs.

RVR < 800m

At night in association with instrument runways

At night in association with non-instrument runways when runway is code 3 or 4

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(03) Name the kinds of signs which shall be included in mandatory instruction signs.

To convey mandatory instructions and information
White text on red background
Cat I, II or II holding points
Taxi holding points
Road holding points
NO ENTRY signs

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(04) Name the colours used for mandatory instruction signs.

Above

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(05) Describe by which sign a pattern ‘A’ RWY holding position (i.e. at an intersection of a TWY and a non-instrument, non- precision approach or take-off RWY) marking shall be supplemented.

A mandatory designation sign.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(06) Describe by which sign a pattern ‘B’ RWY holding position (i.e. at an intersection of a TWY and a precision approach RWY) marking shall be supplemented.

A mandatory holding position sign

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(07) Describe the location of:

— a RWY designation sign at a TWY/RWY intersection;

There

— a ‘NO ENTRY’ sign;

Um..

— a RWY holding position sign.

Dunno

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(08) State which sign indicates that a taxiing aircraft is about to infringe an obstacle limitation surface or interfere with the operation of radio navigation aids (e.g. ILS/MLS critical/sensitive area).

Runway holding position sign.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(09) Describe the various possible inscriptions on RWY designation signs and on holding position signs.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(10) Describe the colours used in connection with information signs.

Black on yellow is direction

Yellow on black is a location

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(11) Describe the possible inscriptions on information signs.

Stuf

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(12) Explain the application, location and characteristics of aircraft stand identification signs.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

(13) Explain the application, location and characteristics of road holding position signs.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.4 Signs

010 09 04 05 Markers

(01) Explain why markers located near a RWY or TWY shall be HGT limited.

Markers shall be frangible. Those located near a runway or taxiway shall be sufficiently low to preserve clearance for propellers and for the engine pods of jet aircraft.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.5 Markers

(02) Explain the application and characteristics (excluding dimensions) of:

— unpaved RWY-edge markers;

Flat rectangular when the extent of runway is unclear

— TWY-edge markers;

Reflective and blue when taxiway centre line or edge lines Arn’t provided.

— TWY-centre-line markers;

Reflective green when no centreline lights

— unpaved TWY-edge markers;

Cones where extent of unpaved taxiway is unclear.

— boundary markers;

Trapezoidal or cones when no edge markers.

— SWY-edge markers.

Different to runway edge marker.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 5.5 Markers

010 09 05 00 Visual aids for denoting obstacles
010 09 05 01 Marking of objects

(01) State how fixed or mobile objects shall be marked if colouring is not practicable.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6,6.2.3.1 Marking

(02) Describe marking by colours (fixed or mobile objects).

Coloured or marked by flags

Source:

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6, 6.2.2 Mobile objects: 6.2.2.1, 6.2.2.2; 6.2.2.3; 6.2.2.4;

ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6, 6.2.3 Fixed objects: 6.2.3.1; 6.2.3.2; 6.2.3.3

(03) Explain the use of markers for the marking of objects, overhead wires, cables, etc.

Coloured spheres and pylons coloured.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6, 6.2.5 Overhead wires, cables, etc., and supporting towers

(04) Explain the use of flags for the marking of objects.

Mobile object

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6,6.2.3 Fixed objects: 6.2.3.5; 6.2.3.6; 6.2.3.7

010 09 05 02 Lighting of objects

(01) Name the different types of lights to indicate the presence of objects which must be lighted.

Red <45m agl

Flashing red/white 45-150m agl

White >150m agl

Cars – low yellow

Emergency – low flashing yellow

Bridges low fixed red

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6,6.2 Marking and/or lighting of objects: 6.2.1.1

(02) Describe (in general terms) the location of obstacle lights.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6,6.2 Marking and/or lighting of objects: 6.2.1.3

(03) Describe (in general and for normal circumstances) the colour and sequence of low-intensity obstacle lights, medium-intensity obstacle lights and high-intensity obstacle lights.

Above

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 6: Table 6-1. Characteristics of obstacle lights

(04) State that information about lights to be displayed by aircraft is provided in both ICAO Annex 2 (Rules of the Air) and SERA.

Ok, I will.

010 09 06 00 Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
010 09 06 01 Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas on RWYs and TWYs

(01) Describe the colours and meaning of ‘closed markings’ on RWYs and TWYs.

White crosses taxi – yellow crosses.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 7,7.1 Closed runways and taxiways, or parts thereof

(02) State how the pilot of an aircraft moving on the surface of a TWY, holding bay or apron shall be warned that the shoulders of these surfaces are ‘non-load-bearing’.

Single yellow perpendicular to a double yellow.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 7,7.2 Non-load-bearing surfaces

(03)Describe the pre-THR marking (including colours) when the surface before the THR is not suitable for normal use by aircraft.

7.3.1 Recommendation.— When the surface before a threshold is paved and exceeds 60 m in length and is not suitable for normal use by aircraft, the entire length before the threshold should be marked with a chevron marking.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 7,7.3 Pre-threshold area

010 09 07 00 Aerodrome (AD) operational services, equipment and installations
010 09 07 01 Rescue and firefighting (RFF)

(01) State the principal objective of RFF services.

Save lives

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 9,9.2 Rescue and firefighting

(02) Explain the basic information the AD category (for RFF) depends upon.

Length and maximum fuselage width of the longest aircraft using aerodrome.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 9,9.2 Rescue and firefighting

(03) Describe what is meant by the term ‘response time’, and state its normal and maximum limits.

Ready to discharge 50% of stuff. Wishing 2 minutes no more than 3.

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 9,9.2 Rescue and firefighting

010 09 07 02 Apron management service

(01) State who has a right-of-way against vehicles operating on an apron.

Emergency vehicles

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 9,9.5 Apron management service

010 09 07 03 Ground-servicing of aircraft

(01) Describe the necessary actions during the ground- servicing of an aircraft with regard to the possible event of a fuel fire.

Extinguishers

Training

Ability to contact RFF

Ground equipment to facilitate quick evacuation

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Chapter 9,9.6 Ground servicing of aircraft

010 09 08 00 Attachment A to ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1 — Supplementary Guidance Material

010 09 08 01 Declared distances

(01) List the four types of ‘declared distances’ on a RWY and also the appropriate abbreviations.

TORA

TODA

ASDA

LDA

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Attachment A,3. Calculation of declared distances: 3.1

(02) Explain the circumstances which lead to the situation that the four declared distances on a RWY are equal to the length of the RWY.

Balanced field

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Attachment A,3. Calculation of declared distances: 3.2

(03) Describe the influence of a CWY, SWY or displaced THR upon the four ‘declared distances’.

Reduce the actual length of runway required

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Attachment A,3. Calculation of declared distances: 3.3; 3.4; 3.5

010 09 08 02 Intentionally left blank
010 09 08 03 Approach lighting systems

(01) Name the two main groups of approach lighting systems.

Simple and Precision

Source: ICAO Annex 14, Volume 1, Attachment A,12.1 Types and characteristics

(02) Describe the two different versions of a simple approach lighting system.

A row of lights extending not less than 420m from the threshold.

A row of lights forms a crossbar 18m or 30m in length 300m from the threshold.

(03) Describe the two different basic versions of precision approach lighting systems for CAT I.

An extended centreline of white lights for 900m from the threshold.
A single 30m crossbar of lights 300m from the threshold forming a line at right angles to the centreline lights
The centreline lights at 30m intervals with the innermost lights located 30m from the threshold.

(04) Describe the diagram of the inner 300 m of the precision approach lighting system in the case of CAT II and III.

(05) Describe how the arrangement of an approach lighting system and the location of the appropriate THR are interrelated.

Approach lighting ends at the threshold