Airlaw – Rules of the Air (annex 2 and SERA) – 010 05 00 00

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010 05 01 00 Overview of ICAO Annex 2 and SERA (Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012 and its references and subsequent amendments)

010 05 01 01 ICAO Annex 2 and SERA — Relationship and content

(01) Explain the scope and purpose of ICAO Annex 2.

Rules of the air are sat out as SARPS, standards apply to all who have not filed differences. Compliments Annex 11. Purpose is to ensure safe flight. ICAO rules apply over international airspace without exception.

Source: ICAO Annex 2, Foreword, Applicability

(02) Explain the main content of SERA.

Some deviations from SARPS set out in Implementing regulation 923/2012 and 2016/1185

Source: SERA, Article 1 Subject matter and scope

010 05 02 00 Rules of the Air

010 05 02 01 Applicability of the Rules of the Air

(01) Explain the principle of territorial application of the various Rules of the Air, e.g. ICAO, SERA, national rules.

ICAO over the high seas, SERA in the European airspace wherever they are unless local rules differ (UK?)

Source: ICAO Annex 2, Chapter 2, 2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air;

SERA.1001 and SERA.2001

(02) Explain the necessity to comply with the Rules of the Air.

SERA says so !

Source: SERA.2005 Compliance with the rules of the air

(03) State the responsibilities of the PIC.

Operate within the rules.

Source: SERA.2010 Responsibilities

(04) Identify under what circumstances departure from the Rules of the Air may be allowed.

Safety

Source: SERA.2010 Responsibilities

(05) Explain the duties of the PIC concerning pre-flight actions in case of an instrument flight rule (IFR) flight.

All information relating to the flight including; weather, fuel, alternates.

Source: SERA.2010 Responsibilities

(06) State that the PIC of an aircraft has final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command.

Source: SERA.2015 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft

(07) Explain when the use of psychoactive substances, taking into consideration their effects, by flight crew members is prohibited.

Source: SERA.2020 Problematic use of psychoactive substances

010 05 03 00 General rules

010 05 03 01 General rules — Collision avoidance — SERA

(01) Describe the rules for the avoidance of collisions.

PiC is ultimately responsible

Source: SERA Chapter 2 Avoidance of collisions (except water operations)

(02) Describe the lights, including their angles, to be displayed by aircraft.

Anti-collision and navigation lights day and night.

Source: SERA.3215 Lights to be displayed by aircraft

(03) Interpret marshalling signals.

Marshall

Source: SERA Appendix 1, Chapter 4 Marshalling signals

(04) State the basic requirements for minimum height (HGT) for the flight over congested areas of cities, towns or settlements, or over an open-air assembly of persons.

Except for take off and landing you must be able to land clear (unless with permission from the authority)

Source: SERA.3105 Minimum heights

(05) Define when the cruising levels shall be expressed in terms of flight levels (FLs).

At or above the lowest usable flight level or above the transition LEVEL

FLIGHT LEVELS

———-Transition LEVEL————-

———-Transition ALTITUDE——–

Altitudes or Heights

Source: SERA.3110 Cruising levels

(06) Define under what circumstances cruising levels shall be expressed in terms of altitude (ALT).

Flights at or below the lowest usable flight level or below the transition ALTITUDE

FLIGHT LEVELS

———-Transition LEVEL————-

———-Transition ALTITUDE——–

Altitudes or Heights

Source: SERA.3110 Cruising levels

(07) Explain the limitation for proximity to other aircraft and the right-of-way rules, including holding at runway (RWY) holding positions and lighted stop bars.

General order of priority
Powered – Airships – Gliders – Balloons (Powered give way to towing)
Right of way maintains
Heading and speed.
Without right of way you must
Avoid over – under or in front unless well clear.
Head on
Pass to the right.
Converging
On the right, in the right.
Overtake from behind
To the right
Landing
Lower aircraft has right of way unless its a glider or in an emergency.
Ground
Stop or pass to the right.
Runway holding
Obvs…
Stop bars
Must stop until red light goes out (regardless of ATC ??)

Source: SERA.3205 Proximity; SERA.3210 Right-of-way

(08) Describe the meaning of light signals displayed to aircraft and by aircraft.

Source: SERA.3215 Lights to be displayed by aircraft;

SERA, Appendix 1, Chapter 3 Signals for aerodrome traffic

(09) Describe the requirements when carrying out simulated instrument flights.

Fully functioning dual controls and a qualified safety pilot.

Source: SERA.3220 Simulated instrument flights

(10) Explain the basic rules for an aircraft operating on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome (AD).(3)

Avoid other aircraft !!

Conform to the traffic pattern.

Make turns to the left unless advised or advertised.

Land and take off into wind as far as possible.

Source: SERA.3225 Operation on and in the vicinity of an aerodrome

(11) Explain the requirements for the submission of an air traffic service (ATS) flight plan.

A flight needing ATC

IFR in advisory airspace

Flight in an area supported with a flight information or alerting service

To facilitate coordination or identification.

Across international borders

Night beyond the vicinity of an aerodrome.

Source: SERA.4001 Submission of a flight plan

(12) Explain the actions to be taken in case of flight plan change or delay.

Report ASAP to a an appropriate ATS unit.

Source: SERA.4015 Changes to a flight plan; SERA.8020 Adherence to flight plan

(13) State the actions to be taken in case of inadvertent changes to track, true airspeed (TAS) and time estimate affecting the current flight plan.

Aim to correct track errors.

Submit a revised ETA if more than 3 minutes or TAS varies +/- 5%

Source: SERA.8020 Adherence to flight plan

(14) Explain the procedures for closing a flight plan.

After landing either current ATSU with do it or you do it if no ATSU on landing.

Source: SERA.4020 Closing a flight plan

(15) State for which flights an air traffic control (ATC) clearance shall be obtained.

Any form of controlled flight.

Source: SERA.8015 Air traffic control clearances

(16) State how a pilot may request ATC clearance.

Via a flight plan submitted or in the air.

Source: SERA.8015 Air traffic control clearances

(17) State the action to be taken if an ATC clearance is not satisfactory to a PIC.

Cry or inform ATC

Source: SERA.8015 Air traffic control clearances

(18) Describe the required actions to be carried out if the continuation of a controlled visual flight rule (VFR) flight in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) is not practicable any more.

Request amended clearance;

Operate in VMC and notify ATCU

Shit yourself

Request special VFR in a control zone;

Change to IFR.

Source: SERA.8020 Adherence to flight plan

(19) Describe the provisions for transmitting a position report to the appropriate ATS unit including time of transmission and normal content of the message.

Time and level.

Full position report;

Callsign

Position

Time at position

Altitude/FL

Next position

Time

Source: SERA.8025 Position reports

(20) Describe the necessary action when an aircraft experiences a communication (COM) failure.

VMC – Continue, land, report.

IMC – Maintain speed and level initially;

During procedural separation: maintain heading and speed for 20 mins – follow flight plan.

During surveillance: maintain assigned speed and level for 7 minutes following;

The time the last level assigned level or minimum flight altitude is reached.
The time 7600 was set.
The time the aircraft failed to report over a compulsory reporting point.

Whichever is later fly in accordance with flight plan.

RNAV – Proceed in the most direct manner according to the flight plan and rejoin no later than the next significant point.

Follow the expected approach and land if possible within 30 minutes after the last acknowledged ETA whichever is later.

Source: SERA.8035 Communications

(21) State what information an aircraft being subjected to unlawful interference shall give to the appropriate ATS unit. Source: SERA.11001 Unlawful interference

7500

010 05 04 00 Visual flight rules (VFRs)
010 05 04 01 Visual flight rules (VFRs) — SERA

(01) Describe the VFRs as contained in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012.

No VFR with; (4)

Cloud base <1500ft
Ground visibility <5km
RVSM airspace
Above FL285

VFR cruising levels below FL295:

000°M to 179°M ODD FLIGHT LEVELS + 500′ ft

180°M to 359°M EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS + 500′ ft

Special VFR: (Daylight in a CTR) (5)

Clear of cloud and in sight of the surface.
Flight visibility >1500m
<140 kt IAS
Ground Visibility > 1500m
Cloud ceiling >600 ft or more

Source: SERA.5001 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima; SERA.5005 Visual flight rules;

SERA.5010 Special VFR in control zones

010 05 05 00 Instrument flight rules (IFRs)
010 05 05 01 Instrument flight rules (IFRs) — SERA

(01) Describe the IFRs as contained in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 923/2012.

IFR Rules (3)

May be in IMC or VMC
Must have equipment suitable for the route
Must be flown at or above the minimum flight altitude applicable or 2000 ft (mountains) 1000 ft (elsewhere) above obstacles within 8 km

Changing from IFR to VFR

A pilot only request
ATC respond by, ‘cancelling IFR at . . . .

Comms

Inside controlled airspace, must comply. Outside: maintain listening watch, establish 2-way with flight information provider.

Cruising levels in controlled airspace

At a cruising level, authorised cruise climb, do as you’re told.

RVSM

At or above FL290 (See RVSM rules for vertical separation):

000°M to 179°M ODD FLIGHT LEVELS

180°M to 359°M EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS

Not RVSM

<FL290 – 2000 ft vertical separation.

000°M to 179°M ODD FLIGHT LEVELS

180°M to 359°M EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS

≥FL290 – 4000 ft vertical separation.

000°M to 179°M ODD FLIGHT LEVELS

180°M to 359°M EVEN FLIGHT LEVELS

Source:

SERA.5015 Instrument flight rules (IFR) — Rules applicable to all IFR flights;

SERA.5020 IFR — Rules applicable to IFR flights within controlled airspace;

SERA.5025 IFR — Rules applicable to IFR flights outside controlled airspace

010 05 06 00 Interception of civil aircraft
010 05 06 01 Interception of civil aircraft — SERA

(01) List the possible reasons for intercepting a civil aircraft.(6)

Can’t be identified
Unauthorised entry (or unauthorised entry point)
Deviation without reason
Suspected illegal flight
Refusal to comply
Believed to be a hazard

Source: SERA.11015 Interception

(02) State what primary action should be carried out by an intercepted aircraft. (5)

Follow instructions
Notify ATSU
121.5 or 243
7700
ADS-B or ADS-C emergency

Source: SERA.11015 Interception

(03) State which frequency should primarily be tried in order to contact an intercepting aircraft.

121.5 or 243

Source: SERA.11015 Interception

(04) State on which mode and code a transponder on board the intercepted aircraft should be operated.

7700

Source: SERA.11015 Interception

(05) Recall the interception signals and phrases.

CAP1535_Skyway_Code_V2_INTER

Source: SERA.11015 Interception, Tables S11-1, S11-2, S11-3